Roger; loud and clear. We are taking pictures of the S-IVB. The postseparation sequence is completed
and we seem to have the high gain.
00 03 29 41
CMP
There she is…
00 03 30 29
CMP
03:36 … 03:36 …
00 03 30 39
CDR
Go ahead, Houston; Apollo 8.
00 03 35 44
CDR
We see the earth now, almost as a disk.
00 03 35 59
CMP
We have a beautiful view of Florida now. We can see the Cape, just the point.
00 03 36 06
CMP
And at the same time, we can see Africa. West Africa is beautiful. I can also see Gibraltar at the same time I’m looking at Florida.
00 03 37 45
CDR
We are listening for VHF Alfa simplex.
00 03 38 00
CMP
Roger. Well, Mike, I can see the entire earth out of the center window. I can see Florida, Cuba,
Central America, the whole northern half of South America, in fact, all the way down through Argentina and down Chile.
1403 Vintage Mono Pro is chock-full of advanced typographic features.
THOUGH the collection of letters contained in Cassirer’s publication, “Vincent Van Gogh. Briefe,” is not a complete one, from my knowledge of a very large number of the letters which are not included in this volume, I feel able to say that the present selection is in any case very representative and contains all that is essential in respect to Van Gogh’s art-credo and general attitude of mind.
For reasons into which it is unnecessary for me to enter here, it was found convenient to adopt the form of Cassirer’s publication arranged by Margarete Mauthner, and my translation has therefore been made from the German (Fourth Edition, 1911). Still, with the view of avoiding the errors which were bound to creep into a double translation of this sort, I took care, when my version was complete, to compare it with as many of the original French letters as I was able to find, and I am glad to say that by this means I succeeded in satisfying myself as to the accuracy of every line from page 39 to the end.
The letters printed up to page 38, some of which I fancy must have been written in Dutch—a language which in any case I could not have read—have not been compared with the originals. But, seeing that the general quality of the German translation of the letters after page 39 was so good that I was able to discover only the small handful of inaccuracies referred to in the appendix, I think the reader may rest assured that the matter covering pages 1 to 38 is sufficiently trustworthy for all ordinary purposes.
I should consider myself lucky to be able to work even for an annuity which would only just cover bare necessaries, and to be at peace in my own studio for the rest of my life.
The letters printed up to page 38, some of which I fancy must have been written in Dutch—a language which in any case I could not have read—have not been compared with the originals. But, seeing that the general quality of the German translation of the letters after page 39 was so good that I was able to discover only the small handful of inaccuracies referred to in the appendix, I think the reader may rest assured that the matter covering pages 1 to 38 is sufficiently trustworthy for all ordinary purposes.
With regard to dates, however, Emile Bernard does give a little more information than Margarete Mauthner; but it is very little, and it is as follows: the letters to E. Bernard from page 39 to page 73 were written during 1887; those from page 73 to page 86 were written during 1888; those from page 108 to page 112 were written during 1889, and the remainder, as Margarete Mauthner also tells us, were written during 1890. Of the letters to Van Gogh’s brother, I am afraid I can say nothing more definite than that all those which occur after page 87 were written in Arles, and probably San Remy, between 1887 and 1890.
Rather than disfigure my pages with a quantity of notes, I preferred to put my remarks relative to the divergencies between the original French and the German in the form of an appendix (to which the Numbers 1 to 35 in the text refer), and have thus kept only those notes in the text which were indispensable for the proper understanding of the book.
> I may steal that…you may see that again.
> <footer>Matthew Carter, in reference to a glyph design in 1403 Vintage Mono Pro</footer>
# Resurrecting Type of the IBM 1403
On 18 January 2013, [Mark VandeWettering](http://brainwagon.org/) (@[brainwagon](https://twitter.com/brainwagon)) wondered [aloud on twitter](https://twitter.com/brainwagon/status/292491545486180353) about the existence of a typeface reminiscent of the IBM 1403 line printer. Mark [wrote about](http://brainwagon.org/2013/01/23/an-ibm-1403-font/) his path to this query. I decided to quickly throw something together that he might be able to use. Plus, I’d be combining two long-time interests: **my love of history** with **typeface design.**
Mark had been playing with [simh](http://simh.trailing-edge.com) on a [Raspberry Pi](http://www.raspberrypi.org) (@[Raspberry\_Pi](https://twitter.com/Raspberry_Pi)), simulating a [DEC PDP-10](http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/pdp10.html) and the [IBM 1401](http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PP1401.html) mainframe computer (@[IBM](https://twitter.com/IBM)), and wanted the nostalgia of seeing the typeface while working with the 1401 simulator. That was the start of researching aspects of this printer and the various type chains produced for it. I also happened to have worked for both [DEC and IBM](http://www.dreams.org/staff/composer/#research), a while back.
Work on this [IBM 1403 printer](http://ibm-1401.info/#1403-printer)-inspired monospace typeface had begun. The initial design started on the heavier side, perhaps slightly wider, with definitely tighter spacing.
<figure>
![Re-created printout of IBM 1403 inspired typeface](media/printout-sample-comparison.jpg)
<figcaption>The listing in the sample printout was copied from the [1403 printout photo](http://www.flickr.com/photos/mwichary/3368836377/) by [Marcin Wichary](http://www.aresluna.org) (@[mwichary](https://twitter.com/mwichary)), found after the font was designed.</figcaption>
</figure>
1. Samples were minimal, so I was taking a guess at some of the shapes.
2. I started with the basic 48 glyphs (26 letters, 10 digits, and 12 symbols) used on the 1403 A chain.
3. Mixing between a couple of the chains (A and H) added a few additional characters. The square lozenge `⌑` is included, of course.
There was some great technology in the 1403; it was a workhorse, one of the early high speed printers. Here’s the [IBM 1401 System 50th Anniversary panel](http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVsX7aHNENo) (video: 2 hours) held at the [Computer History Museum](http://www.computerhistory.org) (@[ComputerHistory](https://twitter.com/ComputerHistory)), 10 November 2009.
[Glyphs](http://glyphsapp.com) (@[glyphsapp](https://twitter.com/glyphsapp)) was used for designing the typeface. Other tools included [DTL OTMaster](http://www.fontmaster.nl) (@[ExquisiteFonts](https://twitter.com/exquisitefonts)), [AFDKO](http://www.adobe.com/devnet/opentype/afdko.html) (Adobe Font Development Kit for OpenType), Tim Ahrens’ (@[TimAhrens](https://twitter.com/timahrens)) [Font Remix Tools](https://remix-tools.com/glyphsapp/) (@[rmxtools](https://twitter.com/rmxtools)), Yanone’s (@[yanone](https://twitter.com/yanone)) [Speed Punk](https://yanone.de/software/speedpunk/), and homegrown tools & scripts.
## Full Latin and Small Caps
[Jóhann Gunnarsson](http://www.organjohann.net), who maintained the two 1401s in Iceland back in the 1960s, was kind enough to send a couple printouts that included the modifications to the A and H chains to support parts of the Icelandic alphabet. Included in [1403 Vintage Mono Pro](https://slantedhall.com/fonts/1403) are a historical variant of the squished `Ö` they used, along with `Æ`, `Ð`, and `Þ`. A small caps variant acts as lowercase. *As a side note, check out the [pipe organ](http://www.organjohann.net/english/index.html) that Jóhann built.*
<figure>
<div class="embed">
<iframe src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/143748530?autoplay=0&loop=1&color=7a977e&title=0&byline=0&portrait=0" frameborder="0" webkitAllowFullScreen mozallowfullscreen allowFullScreen></iframe>
</div>
<figcaption>A clip from [Trevor Brymer](http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2329373/)’s 2015 film “[6EQUJ5](http://6equj5.slantedhall.com/)” ([imdb](http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4965008/)) showcasing my customized 1403 Vintage Mono Pro font in CGI & titlecards.</figcaption>
</figure>
On 27 Feb 2013, [Cade Metz](http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/author/cade_metz/) (@[cademetz](https://twitter.com/cademetz)) published the nice article [*The Strange Beauty of Historic Computers Brought Back From The Dead*](http://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2013/02/restorations-2/) in Wired (@[wired](https://twitter.com/wired)) about the [IBM 1401 restoration](http://ibm-1401.info) at the [Computer History Museum](http://www.computerhistory.org)
(@[ComputerHistory](https://twitter.com/ComputerHistory)), Mountain View, California, USA. I visited with the museum’s IBM 1401 restoration team. You can now visit the [1401 Demo Lab](http://www.computerhistory.org/exhibits/ibm1401/) anytime the [museum is open](http://www.computerhistory.org/hours/) with live demonstrations on Wednesdays 3–3:30pm and Saturdays 11–11:30am.
[IBM Corporate Archivists](http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/) Paul C. Lasewicz and Stacy L. Castillo were helpful during my research. I passed along to the restoration team the photographs and documentation they sent. Someday it would be great to see the various language specific variants of the IBM 1403 printer chains and learn more about the IBM type design team from the era. I also hope to see an APL (A Programming Language) chain, sometime. [Let me know](https://slantedhall.com/about) if you have sample output or photographs of these chains.
## Expanded Language Support
I added uppercase Cyrillic (`кириллица`), modern Greek (`νεοελληνικός`), Hebrew (`עִברִית`), and Vietnamese (`tiếng Việt`). There are fun challenges in fitting these scripts into a fixed width (especially one set initially for the Latin letters). Cyrillic has wide letters; Hebrew has a few narrow letters. After the [TYPOSF](http://typosf.com/) 2013 conference ([my trip report](https://slantedhall.wordpress.com/2013/04/19/typosf-2013-conference-trip-report/)), I incorporated some feedback from other type designers. [*1403 Vintage Mono Pro*](http://slantedhall.com/fonts/1403) was first available for licensing in November 2013, with a glyph count of 1,500, supporting 140+ languages across Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, and Hebrew scripts.
It’s difficult to find example output, photographs, or actual print chains of the IBM 1403, especially beyond the initial English alphabet. It looks like there was a Vietnamese print chain designed, as mentioned in [Data Processing Goes to War with IBM’s Bachelor Computer Experts](http://www.tomcam.com/about_me/White_Shirts_SEA.html) by [Dan Feltham](http://www.dansstories.com/). I reached out to him, as I did with Jóhann Gunnarsson to see [the Icelandic chains](https://slantedhall.wordpress.com/2013/02/27/ibm-1403-inspired-typeface-update/), to see if he had samples or could describe how it compared to other chains.
<figure>
![Samples of Icelandic characters from original IBM 1403 printout](media/icelandic-printout-closeup.jpg)
<figcaption>Close-up of printout from Iceland’s IBM 1403 printer in 1972, courtesy of [Jóhann Gunnarsson](http://www.organjohann.net). Note the Á in STRÁSYKUR and Ö in DÖK.</figcaption>
</figure>
A partial description of the process for integrating Vietnamese with the IBM 1401 and designing the 1403 print chain by Curt Maxwell and background information on the IBM customer USAID is included in Dan Feltham’s book [When Big Blue Went to War: The History of the IBM Corporation’s Mission in Southeast Asia During the Vietnam War (1965-1975)](http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1458204413/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1458204413&linkCode=as2&tag=slanhall0b-20) (Amazon). Here’s Dan’s [page about the book](http://www.dansstories.com/Dans_Stories/When_Big_Blue_Went_to_War.html). It looks interesting!
Some additional research shows that the Vietnamese print chain may have been based on the TN “text” chain (basically, Bud Kettler’s Courier), but with new slugs designed and additional programming to allow overprinting for the Vietnamese diacritic marks that may not fit in the space of the slugs.
I talked about the typeface and technology of the IBM 1403 printer during the [TypeCon](http://www.typecon.com/) (@[typecon](https://twitter.com/typecon)) presentation [Resurrecting Type of the IBM 1403](http://www.typecon.com/conferences/typecon2013/program#friday) on Friday, 23 August 2013, at 3:25pm in Portland, Oregon, USA.
## Latest Changes
What started as a combination of the 52 characters represented by the A & H chains of the IBM 1403 printer has become over 2,300 glyphs supporting most languages that use the Latin, Cyrillic, Greek, and Hebrew alphabets, including Vietnamese. Thanks to type designers [David Jonathan Ross](http://djr.com/about/) and [Delve Withrington](http://www.delvefonts.com/bio_withrington.html) for their invaluable feedback.
In addition to a number of tweaks to Cyrillic, Hebrew, and Latin glyphs, over 400 new glyphs were designed, including:
- Full support for the [Monodraw](http://monodraw.helftone.com) ASCII art editor.
- Various box drawing & geometry glyphs.
- Chess (`♔` `♕` `♖` `♗` `♘` `♙` `♚` `♛` `♜` `♝` `♞` `♟`) and Checkers (English Draughts) (`⛀` `⛁` `⛂` `⛃`).
- [Powerline](http://powerline.readthedocs.org/en/master/) symbols (`█` `` `` `` `` `` `` ``).
- Dice symbols (6-sided) (`⚀` `⚁` `⚂` `⚃` `⚄` `⚅`).
- Anchor (`⚓`) (for two people: my dad and an old friend; hi, [Angus](http://angusdavis.com/)).
- Card suits (`♠` `♡` `♢` `♣` `♤` `♥` `♦` `♧`).
- Basic musical notes for [WGL4](https://www.microsoft.com/typography/otspec/wgl4.htm) (`♩` `♪` `♫` `♬`).
- `⸘`Monocules`‽` (`☚` `☜` `☝` `☟` `☞` `☛`) [[Nick Sherman](http://nicksherman.com)'s (@[nicksherman](https://twitter.com/nicksherman)) [term](https://twitter.com/NickSherman/status/368145199588843520) for a monospace manicule].
- Misc. Math Symbols.
- Misc. Arrows (`↑` `↗` `→` `↘` `↓` `↙` `←` `↖` `↔` `↕` `↨`).
- Old abbreviations to match some of 1403 use (`℁` `℀` `℆` `℅` `℄` `℡`).
- Currency updates: Georgian Lari `₾`, new Russian Ruble `₽`, Manat `₼`, Tenge `₸`, old Drachma `₯` and old Franc `₣` symbols (as used on the 1403), florin `ƒ`, bitcoin `₿`.
- per ten thousand `‱` to match `%` and `‰` design.